Manejo anestésico de paciente con mastocitosis cutánea / Anaesthetic managemet of cutaneous mastocytosis

Mastocytosis consists of a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by an abnormal increase of mast cell in one or more organs or tissues. The degranulation of mast cells with subsequent clinical symptoms can be triggered by psychological, chemical or traumatic agents. The main challenge of these patients is to avoid these triggers in order to prevent an anaphylactic shock. We report a case of a patient diagnosed with cutaneous mastocytoses who underwent urgent appendicectomy. Their perioperative management involves a multidisciniplinary approach. We report the anaesthetic management in this disease.

Las mastocitosis son un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades que se caracterizan por la proliferación de mastocitos y su posterior acumulación. La degranulación de los mastocitos puede desencadenarse por diferentes agentes como la cirugía, el estrés o los fármacos histaminoliberadores. El principal reto que plantea a un anestesiólogo un paciente con mastocitosis es la posibilidad de que se desencadene una reacción anafiláctica. Se describe el manejo anestésico de un paciente con mastocitosis cutánea. El desconocimiento de esta entidad puede suponer un aumento de la morbimortalidad de estos pacientes.

Caso clínico: Diagnóstico de alergia a relajantes musculares y opiáceos / Case report: Diagnosis of allergy to muscle relaxants and opiates

The anesthesiologist is the specialist who most often faces allergic reactions due to the number of drugs and substances that are exposed to the patient during the course of an intervention. Although they are rare, they have a mortality rate between 3% and 10%. We present a clinical case of a 42-year-old woman with a history of anaphylactic reaction grade 2 that is coordinated for a Werthein-Meigs surgery, for which it is decided to test her with skin tests. The results were positive for morphine, fentanil, remifentanil and atracurium, which directly affected the perioperative management.

El anestesiólogo es el especialista que con mayor frecuencia se enfrenta a reacciones alérgicas por el número de fármacos y sustancias a las que se expone al paciente en el transcurso de una intervención. Si bien son poco frecuentes presentan una mortalidad entre 3 a 10%. Presentamos un caso clínico de una mujer de 42 años con un antecedente de reaccion anafiláctica grado 2 que se coordina para una cirugía de Werthein- Meigs, por lo cual se decide testearla con pruebas cutáneas. Los rsultados fueron positivos para morfina, fentani, remifentanil y atracurio, lo cual incidió directamente en el manejo perioperatorio.

Methylene blue to treat protamine-induced anaphylaxis reactions. An experimental study in pigs

ABSTRACT Objective: To examine if methylene blue (MB) can counteract or prevent protamine (P) cardiovascular effects. Methods: The protocol included five heparinized pig groups: Group Sham -without any drug; Group MB - MB 3 mg/kg infusion; Group P - protamine; Group P/MB - MB after protamine; Group MB/P - MB before protamine. Nitric oxide levels were obtained by the nitric oxide/ozone chemiluminescence method, performed using the Nitric Oxide Analizer 280i (Sievers, Boulder, CO, USA). Malondialdehyde plasma levels were estimated using the thiobarbiturate technique. Results: 1) Groups Sham and MB presented unchanged parameters; 2) Group P - a) Intravenous protamine infusion caused mean arterial pressure decrease and recovery trend after 25-30 minutes, b) Cardiac output decreased and remained stable until the end of protamine injection, and c) Sustained systemic vascular resistance increased until the end of protamine injection; 3) Methylene blue infusion after protamine (Group P/MB) - a) Marked mean arterial pressure decreased after protamine, but recovery after methylene blue injection, b) Cardiac output decreased after protamine infusion, recovering after methylene blue infusion, and c) Sustained systemic vascular resistance increased after protamine infusion and methylene blue injections; 4) Methylene blue infusion before protamine (Group MB/P) - a) Mean arterial pressure decrease was less severe with rapid recovery, b) After methylene blue, there was a progressive cardiac output increase up to protamine injection, when cardiac output decreased, and c) Sustained systemic vascular resistance decreased after protamine, followed by immediate Sustained systemic vascular resistance increase; 5) Plasma nitrite/nitrate and malondialdehyde values did not differ among the experimental groups. Conclusion: Reviewing these experimental results and our clinical experience, we suggest methylene blue safely prevents and treats hemodynamic protamine complications, from the endothelium function point of view.

Profilaxia da síndrome de embolia gordurosa: uma análise atual / Prophylaxis of fat embolism syndrome: a current analysis

INTRODUÇÃO: Analisar dados da internet relacionados a mortes por embolia gordurosa, inicio da doença, e outras informações podem determinar a realidade atual no Brasil relacionada à incidência da síndrome de embolia gordurosa e qualquer repercussão na mídia, e também revisar as metodologias de prevenção e quais são os melhores métodos disponíveis para tratar a doença. MÉTODOS: Uma pesquisa no google foi conduzida de Janeiro de 2000 a Janeiro de 2014 utilizando os descritores "cirurgia plástica" e "morte". Foram incluídos e revisados artigos contendo as palavras "embolia", "embolia gordurosa" e "complicações em (ou de) cirurgia plástica". RESULTADOS: Incluiu-se 235 matérias novas relevantes ao longo dos 14 anos. Houve 45 casos de óbito relacionados com cirurgia plástica que ofereceu poucos dados para individualização. Desses pacientes, 44 eram mulheres. As causas possíveis mencionadas foram embolia pulmonar (cinco casos), perfuração das vísceras (cinco casos), hipertermia maligna (três casos), anestesia (dois casos), choque anafilático (dois casos), embolia gordurosa (um caso confirmado), e "outros" (cinco casos). CONCLUSÃO: Diretrizes de prevenção para embolia gordurosa em cirurgia plástica são requeridas, porém, há também necessidade de mais estudos baseados em evidência para entender mais claramente quais são os melhores métodos.

INTRODUCTION: To analyze data from the internet on deaths from fat embolism, time of onset, and other information that could determine current reality in Brazil regarding fat embolism syndrome incidence and any ,media repercussions, and also to review methods of prevention and what are the best methods available to treat this disease. METHODS: A Google search was conducted from January 2000 to January 2014 using the keywords "plastic surgery" and "death." We included and reviewed articles containing the words "embolism", "fat embolism" and "complications in (or of) plastic surgery". RESULTS: We included 235 relevant news stories over the 14 included years. There were 45 cases of death related with plastic surgery that offered few data for individualization. Of these patients, 44 were women. Possible causes mentioned were pulmonary embolism (five cases), perforation of viscera (four cases), malignant hyperthermia (three cases), anesthesia (two cases), anaphylactic shock (two cases), fat embolism (one confirmed case), and "other" (five cases). CONCLUSION: Guidelines to prevent fat embolism in plastic surgery are needed, however, there is also the need of more evidence based studies to understand more clearly what methods are best.

Anafilaxia: reconhecimento e abordagem: uma revisão para o clínico / Anaphylaxis: recognition and management: a review for the general practitioner

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: Estudos recentes revelam o crescimento da incidência e prevalência da anafilaxia. Trata-se de afecção clínica potencialmente fatal e própria de ambientes de urgência e emergência, por isso sua importância para o clínico. Esse artigo objetivou revisar o assunto e apresentar os recentes conhecimentos para diagnóstico e abordagem terapêutica da anafilaxia. CONTEÚDO: As diretrizes da Organização Mundial de Alergia (WAO) para avaliação e abordagem da anafilaxia publicada em 2011 forneceu uma perspectiva global no que se refere aos fatores de risco, fatores desencadeantes, diagnóstico clínico, profilaxia e tratamento da anafilaxia. A importância do conhecimento pelo clínico para reconhecimento precoce e de aspectos particulares do tratamento e orientação do paciente que sofre episódio anafilático com encorajamento para utilização de protocolos. CONCLUSÃO: Na anafilaxia o reconhecimento precoce e o uso de protocolos de tratamento na sala de emergência são fundamentais para a boa evolução do paciente. O uso de epinefrina permanece como a base do tratamento. A fisiopatologia segue sem reconhecimento pleno. São necessários mais estudos prospectivos em humanos para melhora das evidências na abordagem.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Recent studies show increases in incidence and prevalence of anaphylaxis. It is potentially fatal clinical condition itself and of the urgent an demergency environments, so its importance for the clinician.This article aims to review the matter and submit to the recent clinical knowledge to diagnosis and therapeutic management of anaphylaxis. CONTENTS: The World Allergy Organization (WAO) Guidelines for the assessment and management of anaphylaxis published in early 2011 provide a global perspective on patient risk factors, triggers, clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of anaphylaxis. The relevance of knowledge by the physician for early recognition and treatment of specific aspects and orientation of the patient who had anaphylaxis with encouragement for the use of protocols. CONCLUSION: Early recognition of anaphylaxis and the use of treatment protocols in the emergency room are fundamental to good patient outcomes. The use of epinephrine remains the mainstay of treatment. The pathophysiology follows without full recognition. Further prospective studies are needed in humans to improve the evidence approach.

Changes of prostaglandin D2,carboxypeptidase A3 and platelet activating factor in guinea pig in anaphylactic shock / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To detect the changes of leukotriene E4(LTE4), prostaglandin D2(PGD2), carboxypeptidase A3(CPA3) and platelet activating factor (PAF) in guinea pigs died from anaphylactic shock.@*METHODS@#Guinea pigs were used for establishing anaphylactic shock models. The levels of LTE4, PGD2 and CPA3, and PAF were detected in urine, plasma, and brain tissues with ELISA kit, respectively. The significant biomarkers were selected comparing with control group. The changes of PGD2, CPA3 and PAF in the guinea pigs at time zero, 12 and 24 hours after death were observed and compared respectively. The effect of platelet activating factor acetylhydrolase (PAF-AH) to PAF in guinea pig brain was examined and compared.@*RESULTS@#There were no statistically differences of LTE4 levels in urine observed between experimental group and control group. The levels of CPA3, PGD2 and PAF in the experimental group were significantly higher than that in the control group at 0 h. The levels of PAF at 12 and 24 hours after anaphylactic shock were significantly higher than that in the control group. The levels of PAF decreased significantly after pretreatment with PAF-AH.@*CONCLUSION@#LTE4 in urine cannot be selected as a biomarker to determine the anaphylactic shock. PGD2 and CPA3 in plasma, and PAF in brain tissue may be used as biomarkers to determine the anaphylactic shock. PAF-AH may be potentially useful for clinical treatment of anaphylactic shock.

Methylene blue administration in the compound 48/80-induced anaphylactic shock: hemodynamic study in pigs / Administração de azul de metileno no choque anafilático induzido por composto 48/80: estudo hemodinâmico em suínos

PURPOSE: To verify if the methylene blue (MB) administration prevents and/or reverses the compound 48/80 (C48/80)-induced anaphylactic shock in pigs. METHODS: Female Dalland pigs were anesthetized and had the hemodynamic parameters recorded during the necessary time to administer some drugs and observe their effect. The animals were randomly assigned to one of the five groups: 1) control; 2) MB: the animals received a bolus injection of MB (2 mg/kg) followed by continuous infusion of MB (2.66 mg/Kg/h delivered by syringe infusion pump); 3) C48/80: the animals received a bolus injection of C48/80 (4 mg/kg); 4) C48/80+MB: the animals received a bolus injection of C48/80 (4 mg/kg) and 10 minutes after the C48/80 administration the animals received a bolus injection of MB (2 mg/kg) followed by continuous infusion of MB (2.66 mg/Kg/h delivered by syringe infusion pump); 5) MB+C48/80: the animals received a bolus injection of MB (2 mg/kg) and 3 minutes later they received a bolus injection of C48/80 (4 mg/kg). RESULTS: The intravenous infusion of MB alone caused no changes in the mean arterial pressure (MAP) showing that the administered MB dose was safe in this experimental model. The C48/80 was effective in producing experimental anaphylactic shock since it was observed a decrease in both MAP and cardiac output (CO) after its administration. The MB did not prevent or reverse the C48/80-induced anaphylactic shock in this model. In fact, the MAP of the animals with anaphylactic shock treated with MB decreased even more than the MAP of the animals from the C48/80 group. On the other hand, the C48/80-induced epidermal alterations disappeared after the MB infusion. CONCLUSION: Despite our data, the clinical manifestations improvement brings some optimism and does not allow excluding the MB as a possible therapeutic option in the anaphylactic shock.

OBJETIVO: Verificar se a administração de azul de metileno (AM) previne e/ou reverte o choque anafilático induzido por composto 48/80 (C48/80) em suínos. MÉTODOS: Porcos fêmeas Dalland foram anestesiados e tiveram os parâmetros hemodinâmicos registados durante o tempo necessário para administrar algumas drogas e observar seu efeito. Os animais foram aleatoriamente destribuídos em um dos cinco grupos: 1) controle, 2) AM: os animais receberam uma injeção em bolus de AM (2mg/kg), seguido de infusão contínua de AM (2,66mg/Kg /h por bomba de infusão de seringa); 3) C48/80: os animais receberam uma injeção em bolus de C48/80 (4mg/kg); 4) C48/80 + AM: os animais receberam uma injeção em bolus de C48/80 (4mg/kg) e 10 minutos após a administração de C48/80 os animais receberam uma injeção em bolus de AM (2mg/kg), seguido de infusão contínua de AM (2,66mg/kg/h por bomba de infusão de seringa); 5) AM+C48/80: os animais receberam uma injeção em bolus de AM (2mg/kg) e três minutos depois, receberam uma injeção em bolus de C48/80 (4mg/kg). RESULTADOS: A infusão intravenosa de AM não causou mudanças na pressão arterial média (PAM), mostrando que a dose de AM administrada foi segura neste modelo experimental. O C48/80 foi eficaz na indução do choque anafilático experimental, uma vez que foi observada redução na PAM e débito cardíaco (DC), após a sua administração. O AM não preveniu ou reverte o choque anafilático induzido por C48/80 neste modelo. Na verdade, a PAM dos animais com choque anafilático tratados com AM diminuiu mais do que o PAM dos animais do grupo C48/80. Por outro lado, as alterações epidérmicas induzidas pelo C48/80 desapareceu após a infusão do AM. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar dos resultados a melhora clínica das manifestações anafiláticas permite considerar a possibilidade do azul de metileno como opção terapêutica no tratamento do choque anafilático.

Manejo analgésico y anestésico en la mastocitosis sistémica: a propósito de un caso / Analgesic and anesthetic management in systemic mastocytosis: a case report

Las mastocitosis son un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades que se caracterizan por la proliferación de mastocitos en uno o más órganos o tejidos. Se denomina mastocitosis sistémica (MS) cuando hay afectación de un tejido distinto a la piel. La MS es una enfermedad poco frecuente, cuya incidencia y prevalencia se desconocen. El manejo anestésico de estos pacientes debe considerar que muchos de los fármacos empleados pueden causar una liberación masiva de mediadores químicos mastocitarios. Se presenta el caso de una mujer con MS programada para una histerectomía total, valorando la importancia del correcto estudio preoperatorio así como la técnica anestésica y el tipo de analgesia elegida en este caso. Se presenta nuestro protocolo de actuación de cara a la cirugía en estos pacientes.

Mastocytoses are a heterogeneous group of entities characterized by mast cell proliferation in one or more organs or tissues. When tissues other than the skin are involved, the disease is called systemic mastocytosis (SM). SM is a highly infrequent disease, whose incidence and prevalence are unknown. The anesthetic management of these patients must consider the fact that many drugs can trigger massive release of chemical mediators of mast cells. We report the case of a patient diagnosed with SM who underwent total hysterectomy and discuss the importance of thorough preoperative study, as well as the anesthetic technique and type of analgesia chosen. We also report our protocol for anesthetic management in this disease.

Colangiografía retrograda endoscópica (CPRE) con gadolinio en pacientes con alergia a medios de contraste iodado / Retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP) with gadolinium in patients with allergic reactions to iodinated contrast MEDIUM

La reacción alérgica grave al contraste iodado durante colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE) es un evento poco frecuente. En pacientes con antecedentes claros de reacción anafiláctica durante otros exámenes radiológicos, el uso de mismo producto para CPRE representa un riesgo elevado. En nuestro centro, usamos Gadolinio® como medio de contraste para CPRE en 3 pacientes quienes previamente presentaron anafilaxia severa al medio de contraste iodado con requerimiento demaniobras de reanimación. La indicación de CPRE fue coledocolitiasis en dos de ellos, mientras el tercer paciente tuvo siete episodios de pancreatitis aguda sin poder precisar la etiología. El Gadolinio® fue inyectado en todos los pacientes en el colédoco, realizando pancreatografía sólo en uno de ellos. El contraste permitió localizar y posteriormente extraer el cálculo en los dos pacientes. En el tercer caso la pancreatografía contribuyó en el diagnóstico de una anomalía congénita atípica del páncreas, un páncreas anular incompleto, comprobado también con otros métodos diagnósticos. No se observó ningún efecto adverso, se encontró amilasa normal en el suero en todos los casos después del procedimiento. Recomendamos el uso de Gadolinio® como alternativa para CPRE con esta indicación poco frecuente, siendo seguro y permitiendo una calidad aceptable de imágenes radiológicas.

Severe allergic reactions to contrast media in endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a rare event. However, in patients with a severe anaphylactic reactions in medical history, the injection of a similar product into the bile-pancreatic ducts can represent a high risk. In our Center, Gadolinium was used for ERCP in 3 patients with previous severe anaphylactic reaction to iodinated contrast medium that required reanimation manoeuvres in an intensive care unit. ERCP was necessary in two of them for choledocholithiasis and for seven bouts of recurrent pancreatitis in the third case. Gadolinium was injected in the common bile duct in the three patients, while pancreatography was performed in only one of them. Thanks to the images obtained, we could localize and retrieve the bile-duct stone in both patients. In the third case, the pancreatography contributed in the diagnosis of an atypical congenital abnormality of pancreas, an incomplete annular pancreas, which was confirmed by other methods. We did not observe any adverse effect of Gadolinium, even the amilasemia remained normal after the ERCP in the three cases. On the base of our experiences, we recommend the Gadolinium as an alternative contrast medium for ERCP with this rare indication, being safe and allowing an acceptable quality of radiological images.

Reacciones anafilácticas / Anaphylactic reactions

La anafilaxia se define como una reacción sistémica generalizada caracterizada por síntomas y signos de rápida instalación después de la exposición a un antígeno en personas previamente sensibilizadas.

Proposal of abolition of the skin sensitivity test before equine rabies immune globulin application

An epizootic outbreak of rabies occurred in 1995 in Ribeiräo Preto, SP, with 58 cases of animal rabies (54 dogs, 3 cats and 1 bat) confirmed by the Pasteur Institute of Säo Paulo, and one human death. The need to provide care to a large number of people for the application of equine rabies immune globulin (ERIG) prevented the execution of the skin sensitivity test (SST) and often also the execution of desensitization, procedures routinely used up to that time at the Emergency Unit of the University Hospital of the Faculty of Medicine of Ribeiräo Preto, University of Säo Paulo (EU-UHFMRP-USP), a reference hospital for the application of heterologous sera. In view of our positive experience of several years with the abolition of SST and of the use of premedication before the application of antivenom sera, we used a similar schedule for ERIG application. Of the 1489 victims of animal bites, 1054 (71 percent) received ERIG; no patient was submitted to SST and all received intravenously anti-histamines (anti-H1 + anti-H2) and corticosteroids before the procedure. The patients were kept under observation for 60 to 180 minutes and no adverse reaction was observed. On the basis of these results, since December 1995 ERIG application has been decentralized in Ribeiräo Preto and has become the responsibility of the Emergency Unit of the University Hospital and the Central Basic Health Unit, where the same routine is used. Since then, 4216 patients have received ERIG (1818 at the Basic Health Unit and 2398 at the EU-UHFMRP), with no problems. The ideal would be the routine use of human rabies immune globulin (HRIG) in public health programs, but this is problematic, because of their high cost. However, while this does not occur, the use of SST is no longer justified at the time of application of ERIG, in view of the clinical evidence of low predictive value and low sensitivity of SST involving the application of heterologous sera. It is very important to point out that a negative SST result may lead the health team to a feeling of false safety that no adverse reaction will occur, but this is not true for the anaphylactoid reactions. The decision to use premedication, which is based on knowledge about anaphylaxis and on the pharmacology of the medication used, is left to the judgment of health professionals, who should always be prepared for eventual untoward events

Anamnesis y prueba cutánea para prevenir reacciones fatales por medios de contraste yodados / Anamnesis and the tests of intradermorreaction for prevention of serious reactions the yodate contrast media

Antecedentes: El fenómeno de reacción alérgica y tóxica a los medios de contraste yodados ocurre con mayor frecuencia de lo que registra la literatura. Por este motivo se efectuó el presente estudio. Material y método: en un lapso de 29 años se estudiaron 178,439 casos de pacientes expuestos a medios de contraste yodado; de éstos 137,147 fueron pacientes a quienes se hizo una urografía excretora y a 41,292 una colangiografía. Se realizó un interrogatorio directo que hizo hincapié en los antecedentes personales de alergia a medios de contraste, uso de productos yodados, enfermedades del sistema nervioso y cardiovascular. Se aplicó la prueba cutánea de medios de contraste yodado. Si el resultado fue positivo no se efectuó estudio alguno con medios de contraste yodado o se hizo con medidas especiales. Resultados: se encontraron 4,302 casos positivos y 1,276 falsos negativos. Se premedicaron 287 casos positivos y se administraron medicamentos preventivos cuando hubo antecedentes de urticaria, asma o angioedema con prueba cutánea negativa. No se registraron casos de muerte. Conclusiones: los medios de contraste yodados son susceptibles de desencadenar reacciones adversas de tipo farmacológico o inmunológico. Por esta razón se destaca la utilidad de la anamnesis y las pruebas de intradermorreacción para detectar casos de reacción grave.

Mechanism of action of 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12-hexahydro-azepino-[2, 1-b] quinazolin-12-one-(RLX)--a novel bronchodilator.

The present study presents a mode of action profile of RLX (6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12-hexahydro-azepino-[2, 1-b]-quinazoline-12-one) a bronchodilator obtained by the chemical modification in the molecule of alkaloid vasicine (Ex: Adhatoda vesica). The effect of RLX (p.o.) was observed on: (a) mast cell degranulation, (b) release of histamine and prostaglandin E (PGE), (c) 45Ca uptake and (d) activities of cAMP phosphodiesterase (PDEase) and lipoxygenase enzymes in mesenteries/peritoneal mast cells/lung tissue homogenates in rats under systemic anaphylaxis. RLX (10 and 20 mg/kg) inhibited antigen-induced mast cell degranulation and released of histamine from target tissues. An increased outflow of PGE (lungs) and an inhibited 45Ca uptake (peritoneal mast cells) were noted. Lung PDEase and lipoxygenase activities were decreased. These results suggested that RLX could be acting like disodium cromoglycate and aminophyline with additional attributes its oral efficacy and long duration of action.

Accidentes sistémicos por picadura de abeja / Systemic accidents for honey bee sting

La proliferación de la apicultura en la región, incrementó la población de riesgo a la anafilaxia por veneno de abeja. Objetivos: Presentar los resultados de los pacientes que pudieron ser evaluados al final de la inmunoterapia y la experiencia con los que la realizaron a distancia. Material y Métodos: Desde 1990 hasta 1995 consultaron 50 pacientes, 26 apicultores o familiares, por reacción sistémica ante picadura de abeja. Se efectuó IgE total y específica. Se testificó con veneno de abeja por intradermoreacción. Se trataron 33 pacientes. Terminaron el tratamiento 25 pacientes recibiendo 150 microgramos de veneno, cada 30 días, durante 3 años. A 20 pacientes se les proveía el veneno mensualmente. Culminando el tratamiento, 18 pacientes fueron testificados y a 9 de ellos se les efectuó IgG e IgE específica. Resultados: El 44 por ciento del total de pacientes eran atópicos. La mayoría sufrió anafilaxia por una picadura, dentro de los veinte minutos. En el accidente, sólo el 22 por ciento fue tratado correctamente. Hubo correlación positiva (88 por ciento) entre prueba cutánea e IgE específica. El 33 por ciento de los pacientes sufrieron provocaciones. La testificación se negativizó en 6 pacientes y la IgE específica en 3 pacientes. Manteniendo positivas la testificación y la IgE específica, dos pacientes fueron picados sin sufrir anafilaxia. Conclusiones: Fue válida la indicación de la inmunoterapia, aún sin reto diagnóstico con picadura. El tratamiento a distancia fue seguro. Si la testificación y la IgE específica permanecieran positivas, estaría indicado el reto con picadura; si ocurriera anafilaxia, se debería continuar el tratamiento